Marketing and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advertising and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example It is in this specific occasion that every one of the individual organizations shows their ability and features what sort of the board they have and how stable that administration is. Misfortunes consistently require the best personalities to work out the best administration signs that will permit the organization to withstand any fierce second and draw in the partners in each part of the dynamic pyramid. Relationship the executives is the fundamental wellspring of help for any organization that is looking for influence in financial difficulties (Goldberg 2001, p. 11). Be that as it may, these relationship the board techniques may accompany far more terrible impacts if not took care of appropriately. Hence, understanding what the organization requires and how this can be accomplished with insignificant changes is a basic advance towards meeting the objectives of the organization. The greatest is relied upon however this must be drawn closer in a moderate yet sure way (Bowersox, Closs and Cooper 2002, p. 33). As will be seen in this report, the instance of ChemCo enterprises is one noteworthy investigation that will assist us with understanding the significance of key bookkeeping the executives, the importance of relationship the board and how a setback in actualizing either can prompt absolute fiasco. The contextual analysis will likewise be utilized to examine the effect of KAM as applied by the organization and what sway it had on its partner sin the since a long time ago run. The report will likewise investigate the various available resources through which inward and outside connections can be orchestrated to make an organization that has better and more grounded financial viewpoint regardless of the difficulties they face. Flexibly Chain Management and Business-to-Business Marketing Business â€to-Business showcasing can be characterized under the thought of the changing connections between the associations taking part in either providing or appropriatio n of items among one another. They might be characterized as the proceeding with connections between the two gatherings as opposed to a grouping of experiences where control of costs or request is finished by the provider as they draw in with dubious clients (Hoegh 2008, p. 302). This can be identified with the way that those allowed to manage the showcasing methodologies may have contending interests in the business which may impede objective dynamic when the organization is being referred to this might be seen and affirmed by the way that ChemCo’s KAM administrator chose what costs were to be set for specific customers while dismissing others in an offer to prevail upon customers during their declining money related pattern. When managing the market and the association, there is something many refer to as promoting coordinations that should be reexamined to help comprehend what is normal in any setting. The market coordinations are focused on fundamentally examining the con nections between the two gatherings. This is the place hypotheses, for example, the 4P’s, Porter’s five power examination and PCDA model of value control come into center. The organization takes a gander at the most ideal routes through which their items can be alluring, how their costs and procedures can be kept up or changed to improve their intrigue to their customers or how they can investigate their procedures and improve them to fulfill the needs of the customers (Hines 2004, p. 66). Thusly, any flexibly fasten administrator will try to utilize significantly more extensive coordinations to think of a methodology that suits the whole chain and works at meeting the objectives of the organization whether by including the auxiliaries or appointing obligations and focuses for every one of the auxiliaries to accomplish (Mentzer et. al. 2001, p. 3). Notwithstanding, it is pivotal to comprehend that chain the board doesn't avoid even the littlest retailers in the chain. Rather, as an administrator, considering the advantages of

War and Peace in the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus

School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus It’s a cold and wet January day and I am sitting in my workshop with an iPad and my trusty Moleskine notebook. On my list of todo’s today is to figure out how to get a teddy bear into space with a sandwich box and a balloon. The ‘launch date’ seems so far off. I plan on launching in mid-June with a mixed class of 30 students from St Martins and St Faiths school in North Lincolnshire. This school project has come about from a series of meetings and previous training sessions. Staff at the school are keen on developing a project that will (pardon the pun) be out of this world… Hence the volunteering of a teddy bear, and the use of a sandwich box. The biggest challenge for the school has been to try and organise the event, get suitable resources, and hold meetings to plan the event in detail. The biggest challenge for me is to make sure we can get old ted into space and back again without drowning, blowing up, or losing the poor guy to space. Organising this kind of school project is tricky. There are a number of external agencies to contact and keep in the loop, as well as sponsors and publicity to generate interest in the community. I have come in on this project at the start, and already I have several email chains to deal with which are taking time to search through and respond to. Cue MeisterTask. Setting up a project in MeisterTask is the first thing to tick off. My iPad is within reach. My laptop is somewhere in the workshop under a layer of dust or otherwise obscured by electronics, balloons, and tools. In creating the project I can quickly customise the layout, columns, and collaborators. By selecting the email addresses from the last email chain and copying into the Invite People feature, I have invited all contributors to my school project in a few taps of the screen…simple! We previously had a bulleted list in a document of potential ‘things to do’. By selecting these and pasting them into a new task I have quickly generated a list of tasks within the project. Now everyone can see what is needed to be ticked off. An added benefit within MeisterTask is the ability to assign tasks to people. No more conversations clarifying who needs to do what and why! Because the school is near to an operational RAF base, we need to ask permission to fly. There is some obvious paperwork that needs completing beforehand, several forms and agreements…copying these into MeisterTask is simple. Most of these documents are attachments, but some are shared through Google Drive and Dropbox. With Dropbox and Drive integrations, attaching documents to a task is again just a matter of a few taps of the screen. Within a few minutes of setting the project up, we are already having conversations and working through the tasks. New tasks and associations are easy to set up, notifying everyone as the tasks change, progress or are completed. With any project like this, which require cross-departmental working and contacting external contractors, a central communication system is vital. By having all relevant team members connected with a MeisterTask project board, everyone is kept in the loop. Team communication doesn’t need to be spread across numerous email threads, pigeon holes, text messages and post-it notes. All information, documents and queries can be shared directly on the relevant tasks. With a project management tool that’s available on laptop, desktop, web-browser or mobile, your team members can be located on-site or remotely. They can also choose to receive notifications as they like. Perhaps a pop-up on their phones or an email breakdown of the day’s events. Staff members can work how they work best and are free to interact how they see fit. Team members are guided by the system and don’t need to be at their classroom desktop. This communication method helps to reduce the huge volume of emails school leaders  deal with on a daily basis. If we just focus on emails relating to project management â€" the emails notifying changes, asking for ideas or for approval â€" the emails still take time to process. Not long for each one, granted, but the sum total of the minutes is significant. By simply moving this type of email into a school project management tool, you will be surprised by how much time is freed up. In one primary school I worked in, we managed to save over 4 hours a week by simply changing attitudes to email use in school. One 30-minute session on using email led to 4 hours saved per team member. For a team of 7, this meant 28 hours a week or about 1000 staff hours per year. Big numbers, by just working a few little things out. Summary Using MeisterTask as a school project management tool for events like ted’s big trip just makes the whole process a great deal clearer and simpler. It allows all staff to be notified of changes and updates instantly Communication is simplified, and can be accessed via one platform, from anywhere Everyone can see what the priorities are, as and when deadlines change The Space Exploration Challenge is a complex project with multiple moving parts, deadlines, and paperwork. It requires several conversations with many people and companies involved. Using MeisterTask to plan this type of school activity allows teachers to concentrate on learning opportunities and the students involved. It also leaves me to spend more time designing an awesome Space Challenge! Streamline project management in your school Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus It’s a cold and wet January day and I am sitting in my workshop with an iPad and my trusty Moleskine notebook. On my list of todo’s today is to figure out how to get a teddy bear into space with a sandwich box and a balloon. The ‘launch date’ seems so far off. I plan on launching in mid-June with a mixed class of 30 students from St Martins and St Faiths school in North Lincolnshire. This school project has come about from a series of meetings and previous training sessions. Staff at the school are keen on developing a project that will (pardon the pun) be out of this world… Hence the volunteering of a teddy bear, and the use of a sandwich box. The biggest challenge for the school has been to try and organise the event, get suitable resources, and hold meetings to plan the event in detail. The biggest challenge for me is to make sure we can get old ted into space and back again without drowning, blowing up, or losing the poor guy to space. Organising this kind of school project is tricky. There are a number of external agencies to contact and keep in the loop, as well as sponsors and publicity to generate interest in the community. I have come in on this project at the start, and already I have several email chains to deal with which are taking time to search through and respond to. Cue MeisterTask. Setting up a project in MeisterTask is the first thing to tick off. My iPad is within reach. My laptop is somewhere in the workshop under a layer of dust or otherwise obscured by electronics, balloons, and tools. In creating the project I can quickly customise the layout, columns, and collaborators. By selecting the email addresses from the last email chain and copying into the Invite People feature, I have invited all contributors to my school project in a few taps of the screen…simple! We previously had a bulleted list in a document of potential ‘things to do’. By selecting these and pasting them into a new task I have quickly generated a list of tasks within the project. Now everyone can see what is needed to be ticked off. An added benefit within MeisterTask is the ability to assign tasks to people. No more conversations clarifying who needs to do what and why! Because the school is near to an operational RAF base, we need to ask permission to fly. There is some obvious paperwork that needs completing beforehand, several forms and agreements…copying these into MeisterTask is simple. Most of these documents are attachments, but some are shared through Google Drive and Dropbox. With Dropbox and Drive integrations, attaching documents to a task is again just a matter of a few taps of the screen. Within a few minutes of setting the project up, we are already having conversations and working through the tasks. New tasks and associations are easy to set up, notifying everyone as the tasks change, progress or are completed. With any project like this, which require cross-departmental working and contacting external contractors, a central communication system is vital. By having all relevant team members connected with a MeisterTask project board, everyone is kept in the loop. Team communication doesn’t need to be spread across numerous email threads, pigeon holes, text messages and post-it notes. All information, documents and queries can be shared directly on the relevant tasks. With a project management tool that’s available on laptop, desktop, web-browser or mobile, your team members can be located on-site or remotely. They can also choose to receive notifications as they like. Perhaps a pop-up on their phones or an email breakdown of the day’s events. Staff members can work how they work best and are free to interact how they see fit. Team members are guided by the system and don’t need to be at their classroom desktop. This communication method helps to reduce the huge volume of emails school leaders  deal with on a daily basis. If we just focus on emails relating to project management â€" the emails notifying changes, asking for ideas or for approval â€" the emails still take time to process. Not long for each one, granted, but the sum total of the minutes is significant. By simply moving this type of email into a school project management tool, you will be surprised by how much time is freed up. In one primary school I worked in, we managed to save over 4 hours a week by simply changing attitudes to email use in school. One 30-minute session on using email led to 4 hours saved per team member. For a team of 7, this meant 28 hours a week or about 1000 staff hours per year. Big numbers, by just working a few little things out. Summary Using MeisterTask as a school project management tool for events like ted’s big trip just makes the whole process a great deal clearer and simpler. It allows all staff to be notified of changes and updates instantly Communication is simplified, and can be accessed via one platform, from anywhere Everyone can see what the priorities are, as and when deadlines change The Space Exploration Challenge is a complex project with multiple moving parts, deadlines, and paperwork. It requires several conversations with many people and companies involved. Using MeisterTask to plan this type of school activity allows teachers to concentrate on learning opportunities and the students involved. It also leaves me to spend more time designing an awesome Space Challenge! Streamline project management in your school Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask

Tobacco Consumption in Adolescents A Health Promotion...

This essay will discuss the issue of smoking in adolescents from the Australian society. The discussion will include a recent campaign that has been created to cut the morbidity rates of smoking in adolescents from the Western Australian (WA) region. The campaign â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† provided an effective health promotion strategies to reduce tobacco enhancement for adolescents aged 10-15 years old. The essay will provide a better analysis on tobacco consumption in adolescents. Thus, portraying the potential impacts of smoking at a young age in the Western Australian society. As well as, a discussion about the implementation of the program â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† and its effectiveness in society will be further analyzed. Background on the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the rate for adolescent’s tobacco usage should be limited to prevent further deaths. Consequently, according to the report by the Cancer Council (2009) the majority of adult smokers has smoked cigarettes in their early adolescence. In the year 1999 the rates for smokers within the ages of 10-15 were 20% and the ages of 16-17 were 40% (STS, 2009). However, the article by Woods (2009) stipulates that in the year 1995, a survey was conducted on Western Australians residing across the Perth metropolitan area. The results showed that the proportion of 14-year-old smoker males decreased from 28.6% to a 16.8% in 2005 (Woods, 2009). Additionally, the article further specifies that these numbers have decreased over time because of the â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† campaign that influenced a greater decrease in the numbers of smokers, which targeted the Western Australian adolescent population (Woods, 2009). Although, the campaign had a significant decrease in the rates of smoking in adolescents, a survey conducted haphazardly in 2005 illustrated that smokers in secondary schools were 19% boys and 17% girls (which smoked prior to the week of conducting the survey) (Woods, 2009). Therefore, the â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† campaign has performed various interventions from the year 2005 onwards, to further decrease the numbers of smokers in the adolescent population (STS, 2009). About the program: The program â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† or STS is a multi-strategic long-standingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Tobacco Advertising1910 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction To say that tobacco advertising stimulates tobacco sales may seem a simple and moderate statement. In reality, tobacco control activists often meet serious opposition in defending this fact. Achieving the restriction or banning of tobacco advertising is one of the fiercest battles to face. 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The company nevertheless sells tobacco products, which are harmful for the health of the people. This dimension of their business operations increases the complexity of attaining success for the company, in the meaning that the organization has to employ powerful marketing tools to promote its products. The previous pages have revealed analyses of the company andRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )1985 Words   |  8 Pagesthe definition and causes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It will identify conditions associated with the disease and identify risk factors and particular high risk groups. Finally, it will identify and evaluate relevant health promotion campaigns set up to reduce the frequency and seriousness of occurrence. DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION COPD is a progressive, potentially life threatening lung disease that blocks airflow resulting in loss of lung function and difficulty breathing. 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Smoking is comparable to a serial killer; a cigarette acts as the weapon used by tobacco companies and its victims subjecting themselves by their own free will to participate in the crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The governmentsRead MoreMarketing Case Study4206 Words   |  17 Pagescarefully and assess the ground rules that guided the decisions of ï ¬ rms and governments. Marketing Decisions: Selling Tobacco to Third World Countries expanding market. As an example, Indonesia’s per capita cigarette consumption quadrupled in less than ten years. Increasingly, cigarette advertising on radio and television is being restricted in some countries, but other means of promotion, especially to young people, are not controlled. China, with more than 300 million smokers, produces and consumesRead MoreDemographic And Epidemiological Issues Of India1571 Words   |  7 Pagesinfectious diseases as well as chronic degenerative diseases. The former is related to poor implementation of the public health programs, lack of awareness and the latter to demographic transition with increase in life expectancy. Economic deprivation in a large segment of population results in poor access to health care. Poor educational status leads to non-utilization of health services and increase in avoidable risk factors. India faces high burden of disease because of lack of environmental sanitationRead MoreHealth Behavior Change Diary Templa te On Quitting Cigarette Smoking1530 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Behavior Change Diary Template on quitting cigarette smoking Health behavior I wish to change: Significant number of people has been addicted to the habit of smoking despite of knowing the fact that it is injurious to health. In the past, it was considered as the taboos and only adult group was habituated but currently, it is common among both adolescent and adult population. 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Speech Conversion Using Neural Networks - 1063 Words

CS 549 TOPICS IN ARITIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TEXT TO SPEECH CONVERSION USING NEURAL NETWORKS Project Report Firstly, Artificial Intelligence was used in 1956, at the Dartmouth conference and from then it is expanded because of various proposed theories and many new principles developed by its researchers. It is an area of computer science that focusses on creating machines that can engage on behaviors of humans, solve the computational models for complex problems. Here Neural Networks are a computational approach to AI, which is based on the great collection of Neural Units, which models a Human brain as connected large number of neurons. These neurons are connected to each other to process the information as of the human brain. Artificial neural network (ANN) learn by testing and training data. The Artificial Intelligence in brief can be defined as the study and design of intelligent agents. Text to Speech Conversion using Neural networks: In this project, we are developing Natural Language Processing (NLP), which is related to processing human language by computer. The base paper for the implementation of our project is â€Å"Natural Language processing techniques in Text-To-Speech synthesis and Automatic Speech Recognition† Here the base paper we referred depicts usage of natural language processing techniques which includes the production of audio from the input text i.e., text to speech synthesis and the inverse process i.e., automatic speech recognition. From this paper weShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Automatic Speech Recognition1610 Words   |  7 PagesAutomatic speech recognition is a tool that allows computers to translate spoken language into written text. This technology can assist users in interpreting and using audio information for applications such as transcribing interviews, human-computer interactions, and many more. 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Essay about The Untouchables - 562 Words

The Untouchables nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The author of this book was Eliot Ness. He was a prohibition agent given the special assignment of cracking down on the Chicago mob and illegal liquor sales. He was six feet tall, 180 pounds. Graduated in the top third of his class in both highschool and at the University of Chicago. Both his parents were from Norway, and he was raised in the traditional way. His reasoning behind writing this book was to tell the inside story of what really happened with the Capone mob. He worked on this book for many years so that people could know his story and what he went through in life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This book is an account of the special prohibition agent group that came to be known†¦show more content†¦He set up what came to be the most notorious Mafia ever in our history. He helped in making Italian traditions popular and profitable in the States. He played a large role in breaking the 19th amendment and supplying Chicago with all kinds of alcohol. He corrupted out law enforcement officers and court systems. He became one of the most famous bad guys; in our history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lyle Chapman was a member in Eliot Nesss squad, and was largely responsible for gathering information to bring up a liquor conspiracy charge on Capone. Hes the one who listened in on the tapped phones and gathered valuable data on what was going on in the underworld. He helped gain information on where breweries were, and where alcohol sales were taking place. His affect on our history was gathering the information responsible for shutting down the biggest Mafia weve ever had. Without Lyles in depth reports on alcohol sales and production, Capone would have never been put away. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I chose this book because it was the best account of the 1920s booze wars. It gave the best inside information available on what was actually going on. Also, it told an interesting and exciting story which made it fun to read. I learned alot about how the Mafia conducted its operation, and what their operation involved. It was interesting to learn how and where they would set up their breweries and howShow MoreRelatedUntouchables1574 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 22, 2012 Anthropology Untouchables In the article Untouchable, Tom O’Neil tells us what being an untouchable is all about. By interviewing those labeled as untouchable, O’Neil finds a way to truly express to us what it’s like to be an untouchable and the true underlying complications that the seeming unbreakable caste system has projected on its cultural members. What are untouchables? Untouchables, or achutta, are the lowest ranking members in the caste system – or peckingRead MoreEssay on Eliot Ness2928 Words   |  12 Pageswhat happened to Ness and his Untouchables? Did they merely fade away into quiet life? The fate of Ness was quite the opposite, he continued doing what he fell in love with. Taking down corruption on any level. He carried on his war on the mob for an entire decade after Capone, staging daring raids on bootleggers, illegal gambling clubs and generally putting organized crime on the run. Nessamp;#8217; exploits in Chicago were chronicled in his book The Untouchables, but if he had carried on againstRead MoreUntouchables : The Outcasts Of India1528 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Howery Mrs. Newell Eastern Civilizations/Geography 4 14 March 2016 Untouchables: The Outcasts of India Ever since the religion of Hinduism was founded in 2800 B.C., India has upheld a social caste system that later evolved in its order and strictness. The caste system began when Aryan newcomers arrived in India, bringing with them a discriminatory mindset of racial separation. From this, varna, the Sanskrit word for caste, was born. Varna, also meaning color, placed the lighter-skinnedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Documentary The Untouchables847 Words   |  4 PagesPBS Frontline Documentary â€Å"The Untouchables† The PBS Frontline Documentary, â€Å"The Untouchables† produced by Martin Smith details how those responsible for the 2008 financial crisis, caused by the failing of multiple mortgage backed securities that were fraudulently cobbled together with very lax oversight, were never criminally indicted for their actions. Part of the explanation from the Justice Department was that they were afraid that aggressively pursuing the presidents and vice-presidents ofRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Untouchable1630 Words   |  7 Pagesprimarily as an analysis of the functioning of the have-nots. These people survive in the world where there is no sanction of democracy. He is read with mixed feelings, alternately put off by his dark vision of human frailty with hope and happiness. In Untouchable, Anand conspicuously designs the contrast between Bakha’s great built-up and his menial-minor work. Each muscle of his body, hard as a rock, when it came into play, seemed to shine forth like glass. He must have had immense pent-up resources layingRead MoreSummary Of The Movie The Untouchables1178 Words   |  5 Pageswatched the movie, â€Å"The Untouchables† in class. â€Å"The Untouchables† was about a group of people, who put the infamous criminal Al Capone behind bars. This remarkable group that brought Al Capone down, were called the â€Å"Untouchables† .The movie was filled with many twist in turns, and also many questions it leaves people asking. After watching the movie, there are many questions that come to mind. Like why were so many people were against Eliot Ness, and why would the untouchables risk so much to put AlRead MoreEssay on The Untouchables: The Dalit Population1469 Words   |  6 Pagesborn among a certain race, or there is a different way of living within a specific group of people? This feeling of discrimination is one that no indivi dual wants to feel. For the Hindu people, formerly known as â€Å"The Untouchables,† this was what they had to live with. The Untouchables, now called the Dalits, are the most oppressed community in India and have been denied civic and human rights throughout the decades. The Dalit population is located all throughout India. India is a country south ofRead MoreCarl Marx : The Untouchable Dream Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesCarl Marx; The Untouchable Dream Carl Marx has been criticized and slandered due to his views on economy and how it should be approached. The disdain towards his beliefs are understandable with all the corrupt political systems that have risen in the name of Marxism. Marx’s views, however, are not as terrible as society makes them out to be. Marx thoughts on economy are a dream that even he did not know how to achieve. Marx saw how the world worked based on historical patterns and only wished toRead MoreThe Case of the Untouchable Water Carrier Essay615 Words   |  3 PagesThe Case of the untouchable water carrier Introduction: The caste system was and continues to be a terrible reality for people in Europe and Asia. Even though it is not as prominent now as it was before it was abolished, it still affects many people all around the world. To be born into a status, one that you can never leave or outlive is a great tragedy. How does one come to terms with knowing that a choice was never an option? It doesn’t matter if all the laws changed today, the fact remainsRead MoreUntouchable by Mulk Raj Anand Essay494 Words   |  2 PagesUntouchable by Mulk Raj Anand In their struggle to come to terms with their world, what did one or two characters in one of the texts [listed above] discover about themselves and others? Untouchable, a novel by Mulk Raj Anand, is a fictional story depicting the real life struggles that are experienced by the victims of the caste system in India - the outcastes of society. Bakha is one of these unfortunate people; born into the lowest segregation of the lowest caste, he desperately attempts

Global Issues affecting Tourism-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Disucss about the Global Issues affecting Tourism. Answer: Introduction Travel and tourism is touted to be a key sector for the economic development and job creation. In the year 2016, travel and tourism directly contributed around US$2.3 trillion and offered 109 million jobs worldwide, this is equal to 10.2% of the Worlds GDP and approximately 1 out of 10 jobs. Despite growth in travel and tourism industry, there are a lot of issues clouding the industry. In the report we will be discussing on some of these issues (Mahrous Hassan, 2016). For the purpose of the report the issues identified for analysis are: Climate Change Destination Degradation Disruption Global Tourism Issues Climate Change Climate change has a great impact on travel and tourism, exposure to climate related risks such as floods, crop failure, and rise in the sea level can have a huge impact on the valuation of tourism property and the infrastructure. In a recent report from UNESCO, it is been pointed that there are 31 major attractions being under the risk due to climate change, it is pointed that these 31 attractions are in danger due to melting glaciers, intense weather events, bad droughts, longer wildlife seasons, rising seas and increase in temperature. Coastal destinations are one of the largest components of global tourism; they are at risk due to rising sea level, floods, hurricanes, storms and acidification due to climate change. The destination of winter sport is also getting hugely affected by deterioration of snow conditions. The main risk to business comes from different demands of the consumer and the viability of operations, at the same time travellers increasingly opt for different desti nations, thus leaving some tourism infrastructure at previously popular location unused assets (Freitas, 2017) The future of the sector will move to darkness, if alternate sources of energy or clean energy are not found for aviation, the media scrutiny will increase if people believe that the tourism industry is not looking for cleaner sources of energy. Hence it is the need of the hour to reduce the harmful emissions on the ground and other harmful environmental and social effects. The ownership is on the land transport and hotels as well to step up and mitigate the risk to the over tourism sector. The Paris agreement which came into force the last year setting up a road for low carbon emission is a step towards a positive change. It is also put forward that the increase in temperature has to fall below 2 degree Celsius. The authorities have asked all the concerned organization and the countries to report on their carbon emission and their implementation efforts (Leon Arana, 2016) What the industry needs to do There are certain businesses and organizations which are ahead of the race by setting up of ambitious targets based on the science of climate, green financing, internalising carbon pricing and engaging in climate policy developments. A program which is set up by WWF, aims to support business in adopting emissions reduction targets which are aligned to science and the climate requirements. The industry has to be a part of such organizations to damask the effect of carbon emissions (Rogerson, 2016) It is the need of the hour for travel and tourism sector to speed up its transactions towards a low carbon future, in order to achieve this the goals have to be very much clear, the connections have to be built across tourism sub industries and developing and implementing joined action plans. Strong awareness has to be raised around the negative impact of climate change, it also has to be measured and the progress in the sector has to be communicated. Hence, it can be said that to get the transformation the travel tourism sector has to collaborate across the entire value chain and form new partnerships to expedite technological, policy and social innovation that will put the tourism firmly on the pathways of a low carbon economy (Hall, 2015) Degradation of Destinations/Degradation of the biodiversity, ecosystems and landscapes One of the major concerns for the travel and tourism sector is the ever fast degradation of the landscapes, biodiversity and the natural ecosystem. Tourist travel to a destination depending on the beauty and attractiveness of that place, if that sublimes or falls below the expected level, the tourist is sure to get into disappointment and not spread a positive word of mouth about it, causing a substantial loss in the revenue from tourism. The industry heavily relies on the beauty of the destination which has natural and cultural resources, thus it is really important to build a strong connect with the local communities who can realize the importance of destination management and can contribute towards maintaining the beauty and preserving the natural resources (Jahan Rahman, 2016) Two factors which seem to decrease the appeal of the destinations are commoditisation and degradation; these factors are strong contributing attribute which makes the tourism popular. Travel and tourism needs to play a proactive role out here and work with relevant international and national stakeholders to provide sustainable livelihoods and secure the social and cultural integrity at local levels. Incidents of overcrowding at certain destinations like Barcelona, Venice, Thailand have contributed a lot towards deterioration in relationship with the local communities and have also been linked with ruining the cultural heritage sites (Buckley, 2017) What can be done One of the strong reasons of degradation of the heritage sites and the landscapes is not having proper ties with the local community, it is very important to maintain the cultural and social integrity of destinations and show a positive contribution by promoting the benefits of decent work, economic growth, safeguard the destination and also address the negative impacts. Once this concern is addresses there is a strong possibility of getting support from the local community, who will do everything to preserve the natural heritage. Helping and letting the local economy is the only way to survive in this sector (Boley Green, 2016) Disruption It is of no doubt that the potential of tourism is immense, it has been forecasted that for at least 10 years the industry will grow at 4% (YOY). In the way of achieving this forecasted number, climate change, destination degradation and epidemic diseases are the major obstacles. Adding to it is the terror attacks which destroy the peace of the entire world. Terror attacks stop a tourist from visiting that city or the country due to the fear crated around it, it has been reported that 2014 and 2015 were the worst effected year due to terrorism and has hit tourism industry the most. At the most time epidemic like Zika, stops tourist to enter a country due to their health and safety reasons. Thus again hampering the growth of the sector (Goldman Shani, 2017) In the recent pasts there have been many such incidents of terror attacks and violence which have substantially reduced the terror flow in that state, thus depriving the local communities of their livelihood and also hitting the economy by a whip. Such situations adversely affect the growth of travel and tourism sector. The same situation occurs with epidemic, Zika virus disallowed people to move freely across the borders, as they were under the risk of catching the virus and bringing it back to their own country. This was a big blow to the economy as well. Hence, disruption by terror attacks and epidemic disease adds up with climate change degradation of the destination and serves a major blow to the travel and tourism sector (Liu Pratt, 2017) Preventive Measures the industry can take One of the very first few things industry can do is to speak up about the damages being caused to the sector because of the increasing barriers to the trade and the restriction in the movement of people, reduce the threats from climate change and also invest in the quality of staff while building stronger communities. The thinking on the issue has to be done by thinking of it as a global community, define the economic growth and success and ensure the benefits of globalization. Safeguarding the interest of the local community and boosting their interest can go a long way in strengthening of the travel and tourism sector (Tang Tan, 2016) Conclusion Travel and tourism does not do good only for the economy, but it does the overall development of the city, the state and the entire country, it does so much good to the local community and the society that it becomes extremely important to take care of the natural heritage, the culture, the ecosystem and the landscapes around. Many critical issues like change in the climate, degradation of the destination, terror attack and epidemic diseases are already acting as factors of plague to the industry, so now, if people dont open the eyes to the danger of such issues, in not time the entire sector will collapse causes a situation of Mayhem. Collective actions by the travel and tourism authority and related sub industries like hotel, transport is required to build an impermeable wall around the sector. Such actions will make people understand the severity of the situation and the need for the hour to stand together and fight for it. Action and leadership is what even the UN states are the attributes that can do well for this sector. Allowing freedom to travel, opening up the borders and make the travel easier for people will go a long way in boosting the sector. The year 2017 is designated as the international year of sustainable tourism for the development by the United Nations, and this comes at the time when the travel and tourism is provided with a great opportunity to fight the challenges posed to it. Thus, if everyone comes together and works for the collective good, the global issues clouding the sector can be done away with in no time. References: Boley, B.B. and Green, G.T., 2016. Ecotourism and natural resource conservation: The potentialfor a sustainable symbiotic relationship.Journal of Ecotourism,15(1), pp.36-50. Buckley, R., 2017. Tourism and Natural World Heritage: A Complicated Relationship.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287517713723. de Freitas, C.R., 2017. Tourism climatology past and present: A review of the role of the ISB Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation.International Journal of Biometeorology,61(1), pp.107-114. Goldman, O.S. and Neubauer-Shani, M., 2017. Does international tourism affect transnational terrorism?.Journal of Travel Research,56(4), pp.451-467. Hall, C.M., 2015. On the mobility of tourism mobilities.Current Issues in Tourism,18(1), pp.7-10. Jahan, N. and Rahman, S., 2016. Identifying the key factors influencing sustainable tourism in Bangladesh: A Quantitative Analysis. Len, C.J. and Araa, J.E., 2016. The economic valuation of climate change policies in tourism: impact of joint valuation, emotions, and information.Journal of Travel Research,55(3), pp.283-298. Liu, A. and Pratt, S., 2017. Tourism's vulnerability and resilience to terrorism.Tourism Management,60, pp.404-417. Mahrous, A.A. and Hassan, S.S., 2016. Achieving Superior Customer Experience: An Investigation of Multichannel Choices in the Travel and Tourism Industry of an Emerging Market.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287516677166. Rogerson, C.M., 2016. Climate change, tourism and local economic development in South Africa.Local Economy,31(1-2), pp.322-331. Tang, C.F. and Tan, E.C., 2016. The determinants of inbound tourism demand in Malaysia: another visit with non-stationary panel data approach.Anatolia,27(2), pp.189-200.

PananaliksikReference Essays - Actors, Filipino Actors,

KABANATA I Rasyonale Sa panahon kung saan lahat ng kabataan ay tila alam na ang lahat ng bagay sa mundo, hindi maiiwasan ang sakitan at samaan ng loob. Sa mabilis na pag-ikot ng mundo kasabay ng mabilis na pagkatuto ng mga tao sa anumang bagay sa kanyang paligid, laganap ang isang di pangkaraniwang suliranin na kung saan ang mga kabataan ang madalas na nabibiktima rito. Ang kabataan ay namulat sa tinatawag na "bullying". Ang pag-uugali ng isang bata ay nakukuha sa mga kaugalian ng mas nakakatanda sa kanila, mga nagaganap sa kanyang sarili o kanyang kapaligiran. Halimbawa ng mga pangyayaring nakakaapekto sa bata ang pasya ng mga magulang na maghiwalay, paglipat ng paaralan, at pagkaligalig (istres o presyon). Ang pambubully at paulit-ulit na panunukso ay isang agresibong pag-uugali na nagdudulot ng negatibong epekto sa taong dumaranas nito. Ito'y maaaring human tong sa depresyon na maging sanhi ng pakawalang-tiwala sa sarili o di kaya ay pagkamatay. Nakakagambala ito sa kaginhawaan o kagalingan at pag-unlad ng batang may ganitong asal at maging sa batang naaapi. Paglalahad ng Suliranin Ang pananaliksik na ito ay isinagawa bilang pagtugon sa isang pangangailangang makapangalap ng impormasyon upang magbigay kaalaman at magpalaganap ng awareness sa bawat indibidwal na may kinalaman sa isyung tinatalakay sa pag-aaral na ito. Nais nang pag-aaral na ito na matuunan ng pansin ang suliraning ito na patuloy ang paglaganap sa ating mga paaralan. Sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat ng pamanahong papel na ito, madagdagan pa ang mga malalaman ng mga mambabasa ukol sa isyung ito. Ang mga sumusunod ay mga tiyak na katanungang inaasahang matugunan sa pag-aaral na ito: 1. Ano ang bullying? 2. Anu-ano ang mga katangian ng mga taong binubully at nambubully? 3. Bakit may nambubully? 4. Sinu-sino ang kadalasan nagiging biktima ng pambubully? 5. Ano ang dapat gawin kung ikaw ay naging biktima ng pambubully? 6. Paano mapipigilan ang pambubully? 7. Anu-ano ang mga batas tungkol sa bullying? Saklaw at Delimitasyon sa Pag-aaral Ang pananaliksik na ito ay nakatuon sa pagkalap ng datos at saloobin ng mga mag-aaral sa usaping "bullying" sa Antas Tersyarya sa Asian College of Technology, Lungsod ng Cebu, isang pribadong mas mataas na institusyong edukasyonal na binubuo ng iba't ibang kolehiyo tulad ng Computer Studies, Business Studies, Arts and Sciences, Education, Engineering, at Nursing. Ang pag-aaral ay sumsaklaw sa dalawampo (20) mga respondente na mga mag-aaral ng Asian College of Technology na pawang may kursong Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. Kabilang dito ang walong (8) kababaihan at labindalawang (12) kalalakihang mag-aaral. ----------------------- Epekto ng Pambu-bully 6 lalong pinahahalagahan ng kanilang grupong kinabibilangan at mas "appealing" sa mga grupo ng kababaihan. Sinasaad naman sa teoryang "attraction" ni Bukowski, dahil sa kagustuhan ng mga kabataang mahiwalay sa kanilang mga magulang, sila ay naaakit sa ibang mga kabataang nagtataglay ng mga katangiang nagpapakita ng kalayaan, (hal. pagpapabaya, pagka-agresibo, at pagsusuway) at hindi naman sila gaanong naaakit sa mga kabataang nagtataglay ng mga katangiang higit na naglalarawan ng pagkabata o "childhood", (hal. pagkamasunurin) (Bukowski et al., 2000, Moffitt, 1993). Ayon sa mga may-akda, naiimpluwensyahan ng mga "peer group" ang mga kabataan sapagkat naaakit sila sa pagkaagresibo ng mga ito. Konseptwal na Balangkas Nabuo ang konsepto ng pananaliksik na ito sa pamamagitan ng pagbatay sa mga ginamit na teoryang nakalap ng m ananaliksik. Ayon sa teoryang "ecological systems" ni Bronfenbrenner, ang isang mag-aaral ay nasa pinakasentro ng lipunang kanyang kinabibilangan kung saan malaki ang posibilidad na maimpluwensyahan siya ng mga indibiduwal na nasa kaniyang kapaligiran. Ang mga kagawian o kaugalian na makukuha niya rito ay maaaring magdulot sa kaniya ng mga tuwiran o mga di-tuwirang epekto. Nahinuha ng mananaliksik na isa iyon sa mga dahilan kung bakit may mga batang nambu-bully at nabu- bully kaakbay na rin ng teoryang "dominance" ni Pellegrini at teoryang "attraction" ni Bukowki. Kaya naman, nagtulak ito sa mananaliksik na alamin ang mga epekt ong dulot nito sa ibat ibang aspeto ng isang indibiduwal partikular na sa pisikal, mental, sosyal at moral. Nais din ng Epekto ng Pambu-bully 7 mananaliksik na tukuyin ang mga dahilan sa pananaw ng mga biktima at ang mga pamamaraang isinagawa nila upang maiwasan ito. Kung kayat naghanda ang mananaliksik ng isang bukas na talatanungang sarbey na magdidikta sa mga sagot sa suliranin ng pag-aaral. Metodolohiya ng Pananaliksik Ang mananaliksik ay gumamit ng deskriptibong metodo sa kwantitatibong uri sa pangangalap ng datos. Ang metodong

buy custom Individual Investor Trading and Stock Returns essay

buy custom Individual Investor Trading and Stock Returns essay Introduction Individual investor trading stocks differ from the traditional economic theory, which produces too much trading volume, but it has to obtain below-benchmark performance. The unordinary high degree of trading introduces the major difficulties to the field of finance. According to the New York Stock Exchanges website, in 2000, the annual share turnover reached the figure of 99%; the total volume was almost 350 billion shares. This tendency proves the impact of individual investors trading on the economy of the United States. The traditional financial literature presents many reasons that explain why individual investors prevail in the current economic system. For instance, one of them is the fact that investors will not trade if the marginal benefit is almost equal or a bit higher than its costs (Foucault, Sraer, Thesmar, 2011). Moreover, private information is the main motivation for investors to trade. However, one can introduce some other reasons for trading, such as the necessity of portfolio rebalance, when stock prices change; in this way, they turn their portfolios to the usual weight. According to this fact, individual investor trading is motivated by various reasons, though there are also some points, which still require further explanation. To this category, one may rfer the issues that are connected with benefits of individual investor trading, difficulties that may arise, and further development of this tendency in the stock trade market. Information about the Issue In comparison to traditional trading, individual investor trading uses different strategies in order to achieve the necessary results. Individual investor trade in an aggressive manner may lead to the significant losses (Park Kim, 2014). The main difference between institutions and individual trading investor is that an institution prefers to minimize their risks and choose only those portfolios that will bring them profit with the minimal risks or there will be minimal profit without risks. Individual investors use the opposite strategy; they prefer to choose portfolios with high profit, though they could be risky, and they never use the portfolios that do not bring significant profit. In other words, individual investors are always ready to risk if it can bring certain benefits in the end; they will not spend their time on portfolios that cannot offer significant benefits. The strategy of individual investors may bring certain advantages to them because they have more chances to receive a beneficial portfolio. The presence of risk is quite high, but in the end, the amount of advantageous and the total risk balance this strategy andd make it rather effective. Issues about Individual Trade Investors, which Are Under Discussion The only thing that is left undiscovered in the issue of individual investor trading is how much they lose. The risk that they take is much higher comparing to traditional institutions. According to this fact, their losses should be several times higher. Nevertheless, one cannot give a certain answer to this question, because every individual trade investor uses his/her specific system and strategy of trading (Foucault, Sraer, Thesmar, 2011). Hence, the risk that they take is different; it is a complex task to give the valid data about this point. Another issue that requires additional study is whether this strategy brings more advantages than disadvantages. In fact, both institutions and individual trade investors have almost the same results; the only difference is that institutions choose more stable strategy that minimizes the risk in their approach, while individual investors try not to avoid risks; they meet them in order to receive more profits, though they often lose too. To sum up, it can be said that individual trade investors represent a different strategy in a trade market that has both its advantages and disadvantages. The significant feature of their strategy is readiness to accept risk in order to receive higher profit. Buy custom Individual Investor Trading and Stock Returns essay

The American Red Cross Structure Research Proposal

The American Red Cross Structure - Research Proposal Example In 1859, Mr. Dunant witnessed a battle in Italy and was horrified to see how the wounded were left to die without help. Very rapidly he organized the villagers to recover the injured and took them to houses and church to provide them with the best help they could at the time. Most of them had little or no medical experience. From there on, Dunant devoted his work to train international relief groups that would go into aid the wounded in battlefields worldwide, both civilians and soldiers, who were victims of war, it is important to outline that Mr. Dunant required these organizations to work independently from any nation. Starting in 1863, two conferences played very important roles for the Red Cross organization. The first one in Geneva, Switzerland, outlined the principles of the Red Cross, and the second one, created the set of rules of how to treat the wounded on a battlefield and the conduct of war. Initially, twelve European Nations signed the Geneva Convention, today the Red C ross organization can work in war zones and battlefield worldwide, under the International Committee of the Red Cross. (Red Cross History. How the American Red Cross Works. Howstuffworks.com) In the United States, during the civil war, Clara Barton volunteered as a nurse to aid the wounded soldiers in the battlefield. She had no medical background since she was a former school teacher and later an office clerk. Her first-hand experience with the wounded inside the battlefield, made her realize that these soldiers needed professional care as soon as the battle ended, and later when the war was over, she created a system to track down missing soldiers and bring them together with their families. Later on, she made a trip to Europe where she learned about the Red Cross organization and its similarities to her efforts. She stayed in Europe and volunteered to work in European wars.  

History 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History 2 - Essay Example "Keep fear away from me, Varuna, and hold fast to me, O emperor of Order" (Rig Veda 28:6). This line proves that Aryans believed in things that cannot be physically proven like metaphysics and God. Believing in such things can't be adopted as a result of discovering physical evidence in the universe. The Aryan mythology believes that God appears "as embodiments of natural phenomena" and as "allegories of the internal forces in the human bosom" (Schroeder, 1938, p. 60). This idea results in the idea that humans and other natural phenomena are similar to each other (Schroeder, 1938, p. 60). Since god appears as natural phenomena and internal forces, this view made Indo-Aryans love god without the fear that can be found in other religions like Islam. Varuna isn't praised in the Rig Veda as much as God is praised in the Quran. Paul Deussen (n.d.) supports this theory. About this theory he says: "While with the Semites God is above all master and mankind his servant, with the Indogermans [Indo-Aryan] the idea of God as father and mankind as his children prevails" (Schroeder, 1938, p. 61). The 6th line mentions that Aryans fear something and they ask God Varuna to take that fear away. Some lines mention the things that Aryans feared including the 9th line: "Move far from me what sins I have committed: let me not suffer, King, for guilt of others.

Geographic Information System (GIS) Benefits and Constraints

Geographic Information System (GIS) Benefits and Constraints Benefits and Constraints of Using Geographic Information System (GIS) 1. Introduction 1.1 Research Background This is no more evident than in the proliferation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) across a variety of disciplines, with the common goal of capturing, storing, analysing and visualizing spatial information. GIS in practice, by virtue of its technical complexity and cost, has traditionally been limited to the operations of Governments and commercial organisations (Craig et al., 2002). Despite these barriers non-profit organisations and community groups are increasingly looking to adopt GIS on the premise that it will be able to positively transform their operations through better decision making and influencing public policy through greater analysis and the presentation of professional visualisations (Sieber, 2000b, Sieber, 2000a). Given this burgeoning interest, there has been a concerted effort by GIS and Society (GISoc) research groups to develop and espouse concepts such as Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) which provides a unique approach to make GIS and spatial data availa ble to non-traditional users allowing them to integrate local knowledge and engage in decision making (Sieber, 2006). 1.2 Research Objectives The focus of this research project is to investigate the benefits and constraints for the application of a Geographic Information System (GIS) within a community based project. Specifically the research considers a reframing of PPGIS to help better guide the processes, resources and characteristics required to implement a community based GIS. The following questions will guide the research and development of the community-based GIS: Do contemporary PPGIS pragmatic approaches address the original ontological debates of GIS and Society? Can psychogeographic principles help better guide the requirements for a community based GIS? What spatial data sets are available and usable for community groups within Melbourne, Victoria? Do available datasets satisfy the requirements of community groups? Can community knowledge be effectively integrated with traditional spatial data sources? 1.3 Research Rationale As people become more aware of local, regional and global issues through the mainstream media and the Internet they, as a result, expect to be better informed by Governments and organisations and allowed to contribute to decisions that shape their own lives and the society in which they live. If those issues comprise spatial knowledge, then a GIS is a natural option for facilitating discussions and conveying local knowledge (Carver, 2003). Despite this opportunity to empower communities many GIS practices (including PPGIS) and available spatial data often do not adequately represent community needs and concerns (Elwood, 2006). This research thus aims to explore and develop a framework for which current GIS and related technologies can be successfully reconstructed to allow communities to express their own knowledge about place and spatial relations through visualizations and narratives. Specifically, the proposed research has been designed to assist the Blackburn Lake Sanctuary (BLS) Advisory Committee to implement a GIS which will be enable them to store and map the location of various vegetation and salient features within the BLS in Melbourne, Victoria. By integrating publicly available data sets with community knowledge it is hoped that it will further legitimise the activities of the BLS Advisory Committee while not compromising their goal of contributing to local government policy and increasing the effectiveness of their activities. 1.4 Research Methodology Contained here is an outline of the subsequent chapters and research methodology. The research will be organised into three major chapters literature review; case study; and discussion and conclusions. Chapter Two Literature review examines the relevant literature regarding GIS and Society, PPGIS and psychogeography providing an overview of the historical background and ontological framework of these research paradigms. An examination of the principles of psychogeography and the research design of previous PPGIS studies will be completed, providing a comparative study of their different methodologies and methods. These comparisons will assist in developing a theoretical framework for a community-based GIS which will guide the case study to follow. Chapter Three Case study introduces the Blackburn Lake Sanctuary case study and attempts to implement the methods established within the theoretical framework introduced in chapter two. An exploratory case study has been employed because it is a valuable method for investigating the nature and effects of implementing technology within a complex milieu (Sieber, 2000b). In order to increase the rigour and validity of the case study observations, open-ended interviews and questionnaires will be conducted. Chapter Four Discussion and conclusions reviews the research objectives in relation to the major research findings as well as the limitations of the methods and theories employed. Pattern matching techniques will be employed to compare the observed and verified information with the framework developed through the research project. If the observed and predicted information correspond then the research methodology maybe strongly validated (Sarantakos, 1998). This chapter also addresses the limitations of the research and future research opportunities. 1.5 Conclusion This chapter has established the objectives and rationale for conducting research into developing a community-based GIS. A research methodology has also been proposed to describe how the research statement and associated objectives will be achieved. The next chapter will review the relevant literature including theoretical models and research methodologies used by previous researchers in the field of PPGIS and psychogeography. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In the previous chapter, the objectives, rationale and methodology were presented to help guide the research into developing a community-based GIS. The research outlined in this thesis covers a number of interdisciplinary fields all of which are continually evolving. These fields include public participation GIS (PPGIS), community mapping and psychogeography. This chapter begins by investigating the role of GIS in society including the motivation and foundation for PPGIS and the advantages and disadvantages of PPGIS praxis. The chapter also explores the topic of psychogeography and the reasons why its principles may help characterise and drive the successful development of a community GIS. 2.2 GIS and Society a brief history Mountains dark with forests rose above the rooftops, the jagged black summits silhouetted against the evening light. Higher than them all, though, was the tip of the Schneeberg, glowing, translucent, throwing out fire and sparks, towering into the dying brightness of a sky across which the strangest of greyish-pink cloud formations were moving, while visible between them were the winter planets and crescent moon. (Sebald, 2002: 50) Storytelling is an extremely powerful means for conveying an image of the world and in some way or another every story takes place somewhere and relates knowledge of geography and a sense of place (Cartwright, 2004, Erle et al., 2005, Cartwright et al., 2009). One way to represent geographic stories and our understanding of the spatial organisation of the physical environment and its relationship with humans is through a map. An attempt to bring together the science of geography with the art of map making has been the Geographic Information System (GIS) which is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analysing and displaying geographically referenced data (Chang, 2008). What differentiates a GIS from other databases and computer systems is its ability to combine large amounts of spatial data from diverse sources, group the data into layers or categories, analyse the data for patterns or relationships and produce improved visualizations (Sieber, 2000a, Sieber, 2000b). Fo r these reasons GIS technology has become an important tool for use by many levels of Government, Universities and organisations involved in activities ranging from conservation, advertising and marketing, health, crime, land-use planning and social services or any activity containing a spatial component (Sieber, 2006). However it is only recently that GIS use has expanded to non-traditional users such as non-profit organisations and community groups. This accessibility has been the result of decreased costs in hardware, software and improved user interfaces which means the user no longer has to learn specialised command languages (Craig et al., 2002). The attraction to the utility of GIS, by non-traditional users, is much the same as traditional users in that it can assist in new ways of understanding a problem, but it may also help in influencing public policy through more sophisticated analysis and the presentation of professional looking images (Sieber, 2000b). Despite this perceived ease-of-use and increasing ubiquity, the GIS has been criticised by some circles as being an elitist technology which merely enhances existing power structures (Carver, 2003). This critique is heavily influenced by postmodernist principles, which place an increasing emphasis on the contributions of wider society and recognises that knowledge and values are constructed through a multiplicity of social and cultural forces. These arguments first surfaced within the paradigm of critical cartography which exposed the inherent subjectivity in, and rhetorical content of maps, thus implying that maps are as much a reflection of (or metaphor for) the culture that produces them, as they are an abstraction of the physical environment (MacEachren, 1995). These examinations have also been employed within social and critical GIS debates which challenge the use of GIS in decision making as being objective and neutral. Instead it has been maintained that GIS utility is often c onfined to experts whom produce privileged knowledge given their unique access to data, technology, resources and position to structure the inquiry and design the output (Duncan and Lach, 2006). This view of GIS as a return to the principles of technocratic positivism may be construed as anti-democratic because decisions reliant on a GIS may exclude diverse forms of spatial data, such as community knowledge, in favour of ordered Government data conceptualised into points, lines and areas (Crampton and Krygier, 2006). Many academics, such as Pickles (1995), believe that the increased popularity of GIS within the geography discipline has meant that the availability and access to geographic data has become more influential than knowledge or experience of a unique environment or subject (Craig et al., 2002). Concerns regarding the hegemonic and subjective role of GIS lead to a number of workshops in the mid-nineties on GIS and Society (GISoc) sponsored by the National Centre for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) (Craig et al., 2002). GISoc was focused on how the spread of the technology was affecting the political, economic, legal and institutional structures of society; and how societal processes affect the form taken by the technology itself (Carver, 2003: 65). GISoc research furthermore questioned whether current GIS practices and available spatial data adequately represented community needs and concerns and whether a new ontological framework was needed to help empower less privileged groups in society (Elwood, 2006). It was questioned whether it would be possible to develop a bottom-up GIS which could successfully incorporate community participation and thus either displace or validate decisions made with top-down GIS approaches, implemented in most Government and commerci al GIS projects (Craig et al., 2002). From these reflections the notion of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) was developed and defined as a variety of approaches to make GIS and other spatial decision-making tools available and accessible to all those with a stake in official decisions. (Schroeder, 1996) In other words, the intention of PPGIS praxis was to incorporate local community perspectives into decision making, ideally leading to solutions which might otherwise not have been attained using traditional data sources and esoteric problem framing and analysis (Carver, 2003). Even though PPGIS was initially seen as a reconstructed democratic GIS, there is still much polarized debate regarding whether GIS technology is empowering or marginalising. These opinions, however, can often be seen as a reactive and predisposed view of information technology (IT) in which individuals and groups must react to the technology as having a positive or negative social effect (Sieber, 2000a). The effectiveness and social and political implications of GIS use within communities, however is much more complex and is generally contingent on a set of unique local factors such as culture, policies, standards, people and technology (Duncan and Lach, 2006). While PPGIS applications are an extremely positive move to address the original GISoc concerns regarding the social, political and knowledge practices of GIS contemporary PPGIS have seemingly introduced new contradictions concerning data access, representation and hegemony (Elwood, 2006). For instance, although much literatur e acknowledges the importance of bridging the gap between technology and community knowledge, many PPGIS applications continue to adopt a technocratic view of GIS and are often lacking extensive public interaction let alone the integration of community data (Sieber, 2006). The next section of this thesis examines more closely the current contradictions in PPGIS applications, paying particular attention to the ambiguities in the use of the terms public and participation. The purpose in critiquing the underlying assumptions of these terms is to further an understanding of the original ontological meaning of PPGIS and how the varying use of the terms has affected the incorporation of community knowledge in PPGIS projects. 2.3 What does the Public and Participation in PPGIS really mean? Any process or technology which enhances a communities access to information and provides the chance to participate in decision making should be seen as a step in the right direction; however the original ontological framing of GISoc has become misconstrued by some practices of PPGIS (Carver, 2003). The original concept and application of PPGIS has been reshaped and become more disparate over the years as a range of disciplines (such as urban planning and conservation), have applied different approaches and technologies to achieve a unique set of priorities and goals (Sieber, 2006). Furthermore the growing enthusiasm of Governments and commercial organisations for participatory planning has lead to a number of diverse initiatives which vary in terms of the inclusiveness of community knowledge and empowerment potential (Elwood, 2006). However, public participation is a complicated concept that can have multiple meanings which lead to numerous interpretations and societal expectations (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). An examination of the nature of public and participation practices in GIS applications is thus critical in developing a greater understanding of the ambiguities in the PPGIS process and how these may have diverged from the original vision of GISoc. It is extremely important to identify whom the public is when engaging a PPGIS project because it will ultimately determine who is included within the project and what types of outcomes and goals may be achievable (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). The Collins English Dictionary (1982) defines public (adj) as a means of relating to, or concerning the people as a whole reflecting the intended meaning within PPGIS; and many applications do continue to be developed for a general public (Sieber, 2006). There is however a number of PPGIS projects who take a more ambiguous view of public and often use it interchangeably with definitions which more loosely resemble a stakeholder. In other words many projects deem their public to be those who are affected by, bring knowledge or information to, and possess the power to influence a decision or program (Sieber, 2006). The public and their interests are often, however, very different from stakeholders and thus would heavily influence the problem f raming and objectives of a GIS project (Wood, 2005). Furthermore a public can be demarcated by a range of factors such as geographical, economic, social or political; and the composition of a public may change over time (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). Determining what constitutes the public has become especially complicated as technology has become more pervasive. For instance a web-based GIS may potentially be accessible by a wider portion of society however it raises questions around digital divides and geographic scale. Thus, is anyone who is able to access the application still deemed part of the public even though they maybe geographically distant to the issue and decision making? (Sieber, 2006) In general people local to an issue should be interested enough to get involved in a debate given their geographic proximity. It has been demonstrated however that as scale increases not only do people at regional, national and global levels become interested and involved in an issue but also a higher percentage of people at the local do as well because it has amplified into a wider discourse (Carver, 2003). Consequently Aitken (2002) suggests that instead of perceiving issues or decision making as being scale dependent and developing PPGIS projects for stakeholders which have their scale fixed, GIS projects should, alternatively, be directing their attention towards developing a GIS which would enable community issues and knowledge to jump scale from local to larger public discourses or vice versa (Aitken, 2002, Sieber, 2006). This is an important aspect because there is often a concern that local activities are dismissed as being part of community politics and are denied significant advancements by State and Federal Governments and thus the opportunity to emerge and engage individuals at all scales (Aitken, 2002). From this perspective a community-based GIS, where community is defined as a group of individuals who are bound together by a common characteristic or a common intent and who enjoy a relatively high degr ee of mutual social interaction (Jones et al., 2004: 105) offers the prospect of transcending the rigid scale conceptualised upon community politics and local activism enabling them to contest structures of power and dominance at the very scales they exist (Aitken, 2002, Gaile and Willmott, 2005). Harris and Weiner (1998) acknowledged in their research on the power relations associated with GIS use that participatory GIS practices have the potential to simultaneously empower and marginalise groups (Sieber, 2006). As a result it is imperative to understand the nature of the participatory process and who benefits and why (Craig et al., 2002). One such way to help conceptualise the levels of public participation is through a ladder metaphor. First conceived by Arnstein (1969), the basic premise of the participation ladder is that each rung of the ladder represents a different level of participation the bottom rung represents zero opportunity to participate while each rung above represents increased level of participation in the decision making and thus greater public empowerment (Carver, 2003). Wiedemann and Femers (1993) later produced an adaptation of the ladder which conceived of public participation as not only providing access to information but also suggesting that inform ing the public of decisions is another form of participation (Tulloch and Shapiro, 2003). This concept is significantly flawed as it firstly misrepresents the commonly understood meaning of the word participation in PPGIS which The Collins English Dictionary (1982) defines as to take part, be or become involved, or share. Secondly the ladder metaphors do not acknowledge the potential for participation to change over a period of time (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). Thirdly, the participation models fail to include oppositional groups whom do not cooperate with public decision making but participate in the formation public policy through other influential methods such as protests (Sieber, 2006). The incorporation of the word participation in many GIS projects implies a method of consensus building which presupposes a level of top-down decision-making as well as a degree of homogenization between participants. Certain individuals however may be better able to participate or contribute to decision making than others. Consequently, disproportional levels of participation may effectively disempower individuals and adversely affect the desired outcomes of a community (Sieber, 2006). Consequently some scholars have insisted on applying participatory for autonomous grassroots activities and employing participation to describe those projects which are more top-down in their approach (Elwood, 2006). Again while this is a neat way to demarcate GIS projects which employ various degrees of top-down and bottom-up methods these definitions fail to acknowledge that both methodologies are crucial to any successful GIS project and community decision making. In fact it is fervently maintained that in order to enable citizens to better identify and comprehend how the role of GIS and technical discourses are bound up in decision making and how decision making can be informed by GIS knowledge, communities must have access to spatial information developed by Governments and commerc ial organisations as well as contributing their own spatial knowledge (Brown, 1998). Within this section it has been demonstrated that the attitudes and arguments that frame many PPGIS projects have succeeded in producing an illusion of influence and contribution by communities to decision making when actual control still resides with the traditional powers, such as Government. Instead of attempting to build an impossible consensus amongst a public with disparate tastes, values and experiences, a community-based GIS should concentrate on developing a communitys ability to construct their own facts with the aid of available third party resources, from which their personal geographic stories may emerge and translate to various members of society (Wood, 2005). Another way forward could be to draw upon principles of Situational psychogeography which also attempts to combine subjective and objective modes of study by positing that ones self cannot be divorced from the urban environment and that ones psyche and knowledge of the city must transcend the individual if it is t o be of any use in the collective rethinking of the city (Sadler, 1998, Wood, 2005). In the following section an examination of the origins of psychogeography will be conducted clarifying how the principles behind this practice may help establish a framework for practice of GIS and Society and specifically the incorporation of local knowledge in GIS. 2.4 What exactly is Psychogeography? During the 1950s a number of highly politicised groups emerged in opposition to the ideals of modernism; these groups promoted programs that would reform the practice of art and life by directly intervening in the human environment and bringing about a social revolution (Sadler, 1998). One such group were the Lettrist International who conceived of the notion of Unitary Urbanism, which would later be the developed into the praxis of Psychogeography. Unitary Urbanism was envisaged as the theory of the combined use of arts and techniques for the integral construction of a milieu in dynamic relation with experiments in behaviour. (Knabb, 2006: 52) In other words, Unitary Urbanism was considered a social project whose vision was the unification of space and architecture with the social and individual body (Sadler, 1998). In 1957 the Lettrist International and the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus (IMIB) merged to form a new artistic-activist movement known as the Situationist International (SI). The SI was similarly critical of modernist principles which anteceded the rational mind at the expense of the imagination. These criticisms are most clearly evident in the SIs opposition to modern architecture and urban planning which they argued shaped people into rigid patterns of behaviour (Sadler, 1998). Furthermore they believed that increasing urbanism and capitalism had reduced life to mere production and consumption behaviour that ensured that everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation. (Debord, 1964) In other words experienced space had been reduced into mere representations of spaces and in turn re-envisaged as capitalist spaces (McDonough, 2002). SI believed that members of society were increasingly experiencing life as spectators devoid of dialogue and wi thout a sense of being involved or interacting with one another. Once this spectacle of modernity and urbanism, represented through images, products and activities, and authorised by the state, had been unveiled, society would be able to rediscover the authenticity of city life underneath (Debord, 1964). By resisting the hegemony of the state the SI sought to radically transform urban spaces through different practices including the subversion of cartography. Specifically by directing the spectators senses towards the contradictions in the abstractions and mediations of the state, the aim was to draw the spectator into activity by provoking his capacities to revolutionize his own life (Debord, 1957: 25). Taking from the original methodology of Unitary Urbanism, psychogeography was proposed as a method of urban investigation which studies the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organised or not, on the emotions and behaviour of individuals. (Debord, 1955) In other words, psychogeography was intended as a methodology to help make people aware of the ways in which the urban environment and everyday life is conditioned and controlled and encouraged the exposing of these concerns (Plant, 1992). Psychogeography in practice utilised a technique conceived as the Theory of the Dà ©rive, in which individuals dà ©rive (literally: drifting) through an environment letting themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain while still seeking to unmask the contradictions in the abstracted space (Plant, 1992). The dà ©rive was an attempt to reappropriate the meaning of the city by removing the myths in the states representations by having people walk and experience the landscape first hand, thus constructing through narratives a more concrete collective space (Mcdonough, 1994). While the dà ©rive offered a new way of surveying urban space, a new way of representing these spaces had yet to be found. The SI were not disillusioned with the idea of mapping practices, in fact they regarded mapping as an important component to aid in the changing and organisation of urban spaces (Pinder, 1996). They believed however, that the structures and imperatives utilised in mapping exposed the desires of those wishing to impose order upon the city. The SI ambition was thus to illustrate the strange logic and apparent disorder of cities by producing maps which demonstrated those intimacies of the city typically absent from a traditional street or topographic map (Sadler, 1998). Consequently the SI developed a concept called Dà ©tournement, which loosely translates as a diversion or rerouting of pre-existing aesthetic elements (Knabb, 1995). An example of this is where existing maps and aerial photographs were juxtaposed or rearranged to produce a new spatial meaning; an a lternative experiential or existential truth (Ungar, 2005). Thus the SI were able to reconstruct the cartography of a city by reconciling conventional geographies, sociologies, and cartographies together with experienced spaces, producing a map which is terrestrial, fragmented, subjective, temporal, and cultural (Sadler, 1998: 82). While Debord announced the disbandment of the SI in 1972, the traditions underpinning psychogeography continue to influence many works of literature, films, urban design and geographic practices (Ford, 2005). Wood (2005) draws attention to one contemporary psychogeography project Jake Bartons City of Memory which combines psychogeographic principles with a GIS to build a collective urban memory through the participation of a number of people. In an interview with Wood, Jake Barton described his project as utilising top-down and bottom-up resources to create an emergent and curated experience. Precisely by extending these terms to form the foundation of any GIS and Society project, Wood hypothesised that what would emerge was a GIS designed by a third-party or community-based intermediary (top-down); the public would formulate a specific framework that fits their unique goals (bottom-up); the bottom-up and top-down activities and goals are not independent of each other, but rather c o-exist (curated); the outcome of the project has not been foreseen or influenced towards a specific outcome by any party, but rather emerges organically from the facts obtained and analysed (emergent). Thus resulting in a map and information which has not been exactly made by the public but which without it has no content at all and deflates into a frame around nothing (Wood, 2005: 13). Following on from this preliminary research by Wood a wider investigation of these terms will be conducted, laying the framework for a more appropriate community-based GIS as originally envisaged in GISoc debates. 2.5 Top-down Top-down integration of GIS is usually undertaken by an outside individual or agency who provides the GIS model, data, analysis and representation (Talen, 2000). Often the major distinction between a top-down and bottom-up approach, in participatory projects, is determined by where the decision making lies and by the level of commitment required by the public. With a top-down approach a Government or organisation would typically provide the data and representations which would be used in deliberation with the public, who are required to make a short-term commitment. In contrast, a bottom-up approach would require the public to have ongoing access to GIS data and the resources to capture data, conduct analysis and produce representations (Talen, 2000). Governments and commercial planners will often implement a participatory GIS with top-down goals in order to better understand a neighbourhood dynamic, improve public sector management and enhance social service provision. This process theoretically serves the public by introducing policies and services based on a communitys perception of the data, analysis and representations framed by Governments and planners (Sieber, 2006). Top-down GIS models can also help circumvent deterrents such as cost, complexity and access to data which often impeded non-profit and community groups from implementing a GIS. The cost of hardware and GIS software have decreased dramatically over the years and there are now many open source GIS solutions available for free use; however it has been shown that any cost and resources required in the implementation, operation and maintenance of equipment, no matter the amount, will be a significant barrier for adoption, especially for underprivileged groups (Brodnig and Mayer-Schà ¶nberger, 2000, Leitner et al., 2002). Furthermore many individuals may lack knowledge about the availability and means of obtaining a GIS and spatial data (Elwood, 2007). Many of the GIS packages available are user-friendly for many operations, however the more functionality a group requires for their GIS, the greater

Claudia Jones and Ella Baker :: Essays Papers

Claudia Jones and Ella Baker On Christmas day 1964, Claudia Jones, only forty-nine years old, died alone in her London apartment. Over three hundred people attended her funeral on January 9, 1965 to commemorate the woman who spent her entire adult life agitating against oppression. â€Å"Visitors who come to London’s Highgate Cemetery see that next to the grave of Karl Marx there is the tombstone of Claudia Jones. Many wonder what earned her the honour of being buried beside the founder of scientific communism.† [1] On the other side of the globe, Ella Baker, a leading African-American Civil Rights leader, was defending her theories of decentralized leadership. Tensions mounted in the movement when grassroots organizations rejected the ideas of central leadership and non-violence. One such organization, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), founded in part, by the efforts of Ella Baker, became dedicated to Ella’s ideals of decentralized leadership, challenging the auth ority of high profile individuals in the Civil Rights Movement. In this paper I will examine the experiences of these two radicals. Both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones spent their entire adult lives writing, speaking and debating the issues that African-Americans faced. These issues included racist oppression, class hierarchy and the roles of women. However, although they both confronted the same issues, they had divergent philosophies that shaped their political careers. Their individual ideas can be examined in terms of Winston James’ definition of radicalism and Cedric Robinson’s theory of the development of the Black Radical tradition. Although the radicalism of both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones fits within Robinson and James’ definitions, their unique experiences as women helped define their ideas and theories, and transform the role of women in the Black Radical tradition. In Winston James’, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, he defines radicalism or radical politics as, â€Å"the challenging of the status quo either on the basis of social class, race (or ethnicity), or a combination of the two.† [2] He goes on to articulate, in terms of the above definition, radicals. According to James radicals, therefore, â€Å"are avowed anti-capitalists, as well as adherents of varieties of Black Nationalism.† [3] Included in this definition are those who have attempted to unite anti-capitalist and nationalist thought. Though James examined Black Radicalism in terms of Caribbean migrants in the United States, his definition could be applied to native-born African-Americans as well.

The World Is Flat

Thomas Friedman in his recent book ‘The world is flat’ discusses a short history of globalisation in the twenty-first century. His discovering journey took him around the world to investigate the new concept in transnational business. He views himself as Columbus-like, but in a new modern word, in which he is searching for the sources of today’s wealth. Only to come to a rhetorical conclusion that the world is â€Å"flat† not round! His book, ‘The world is flat’ has been a subject to much criticism. His work was highly criticizes by Aronica and Ramdoo, (2006) in their book ‘The World is Flat? A Critical Analysis of Thomas Friedman’s New York Times Bestseller’. They point to the fact that Friedman does not use a single table or data footnote in his book. Friedman makes arguments by assertion, based on not documented facts, but makes his assumption based on stories from his journey around the world, visiting few places, and selected CEOs he visits on his journey.(Aronica & Ramdoo, 2006) Friedman in a research for his book visits India, where Nandan, the CEO of Infosys explains to him that; â€Å"the playing field is being leveled† causing Friedman to conclude that the world is flat. (Friedman, 2006 p.7) Friedman refers to a â€Å"flat world† in a metaphorical sense. He reiterates over and over again that â€Å"The world is flat†. In which he means that reducing barriers in trade and political and technical advances have made it possible to do business, instantly with any other businesses around the world, without the need to emigrate. It has allowed for parts of the world, which had previously been disconnected, like India and China, to compete in the world market. And that we are now connecting all the knowledge and expertise, using computers, email, fibre-optic networks and so on. Friedman argues that there are ten major forces that flattened the world, and describes each of the following â€Å"flatteners†. The fall of the Berlin Wall; or the work flow software; uploading; outsoursing; offshoring; insourcing; in-forming; and lastly he talks about steroids. Next Friedman delve into what he describes that the forces of flatness have resulted in â€Å"the triple convergence,† three additional components that acted on the flatteners to create a new, flatter global playing field. Friedman also states that â€Å"technology has made the world flat by removing geographical, hierarchical and other boundaries to trade†. In a flat world, Friedman writes, â€Å"you can innovate without having to emigrate. Yet, there are still many people in rural areas that have been left out and neglected of this global integration. People are migrating from rural areas to the big cities in search of jobs all the time, and this is what Friedman calls a ‘flat world’? Richard Florida,(2005) in his article ‘The World is spiky’ argues that â€Å"the globalisation has changed the playing field but it has not leveled it.†, Richard talks about â€Å"uneven distribution of the world’s population, light emissions, focusing on ‘peaks’ as of the cities that drive the world economy, and ‘valleys’ – places with little connection to the global economy.† Both authors seems to be right, but they both missing the point, using misleading metaphors. The paradox of these two metaphors is that the flattening of the world is creating a new prospect for even greater spikiness. Some would argue that it does not matter whether the world is spiky or flat. What does matter is where you live. Now, people have to compete and work harder than ever before. People in American are losing their jobs because someone on the other side of the world can do it faster and for less money. Technology makes it all more possible today to bring the world closer and make it more interconnected and interdependent.(Friedman, 2006) However, technological innovation by itself will never flatten the world, instead it tends to create inequalities by being inaccessible to less fortunate. Leamer (2007) in his critical review demonstrate that the technological revolution, economic integration and interaction increase the openness of trade and promote the production and transmission of information and knowledge in general. However, it is possible that increasing economic integration can lead to spatial agglomeration of economic activity rather than to a geographically ‘flatten pattern†. Process of globalization may as well wipe out space and distance between countries, then again, some will argue that in a global economy, competitive advantages are often heavily localized, arising from concentrations of highly specialised skills, knowledge and institutions. Friedman argues, that the world is getting flatter, incomes though, are not. Distribution of incomes within countries and between countries is growing greater. Nevertheless, all these arguments show that the world is not flat, never was and is not likely going to be in the near future. In second chapter, Friedman describes than Netscape went public and how Internet and World Wide Web came along and enabled more people to communicate and interact with more people anywhere on the planet, causing the Earth to flatten even more. In 2007 Foreign Policy magazine article, Pankaj Ghemawa, argued that ninety percent of the world’s web traffic, investments and phone calls are local, suggesting that Friedman has overstated the significance of the trends he describes. (Ghemawat, P. 2007). Friedman talks about ‘outsourcing’ of manufacturing and other processes to a foreign country to take advantage of less-costly labour. Outsourcing may indeed be good for the multinational corporations to stay competitive and survive, however, Arnica and Ramdoo (2006) in their book argue that, Friedman discuss in a favor of global corporations moving their operations overseas to exploit weak governments and cheap labor. Global corporations are not invested in the well-being of American workers and their local communities. Instead they go wherever they can to exploit cheap labor, lax environmental regulations and tax breaks. Stiglitz (2006) in his book points out that, the policy frameworks and laws are manipulated to be best suited for the industrial elites. Moving operations overseas is â€Å"cost cutting† to improve the financial performance of big corporations, without loyalty to one’s country. Their only loyalty is to increased profits and increased salaries of their directors. As a result of outsourcing, Many of American citizens, according to Friedman, are now worried about their careers, because some of the jobs they used to hold are now being performed outside the country for a much lower cost to their former companies. The reason behind the outsourcing is simply the cost. Indian workers can work for far less then American. The question is what will be the outcome of shipping all these jobs overseas? Some will argue that outsourcing less skilled work to emerging economies will raise living standards around the world. Workers in developing nations will get new and higher- paying jobs, and consumers in the U.S will be able to buy products that are cheaper than if they were made at home. Leamer (2007) argues that â€Å"it makes both parties worse off† saying â€Å"we get their wages and they get our culture. Outsourcing is occurring at a breathtaking pace, and as a result America is facing a big challenge because their jobs are at risk. Business services and finance is now at risk of being outsourced. And in the near future accounts, marketing and sales, and even human recourses will be shipped overseas in the name of cost saving. We are not only outsourcing business processes, but also moving process of innovations. Overall, this is good for global economy, but the U.S. workforce will face drastic career changes and pressures on wages subject to competition from foreign labor. Thus, what is good for some might not be good for others. Another example given by Mr. Friedman that stroked me is how Southwest Airlines let you issue your own boarding pass online twenty-four hours before the flight. What if you forget to print out your ticket? This is just a simple demonstration of declining quality of services a customer receives in a flatten world. I would argue that while the flat world has done extremely well for many industries and people around the world, Friedman but does not realized that the more flatten world brings many dark sides of globalisation along with it. The global financial system is more unbalanced, the threats of climate change are stronger and there is more international terrorism. The Friedman is reinforcing a wrong message to its audience for peace, loyalty and prosperity. Thomas Friedman points out that different parts of the world are now more connected because convergence of technology, information systems and telecommunications systems that created a ‘global platform’ is shrinking the world, and enabling each of us to reach around the world faster and cheaper than ever before! Yes, there have been some dramatic changes and transformation in the world economy, and we are now more connected than ever before, however the world is not flat. (Stiglitz, 2006). Stiglitz in his book ‘Making globalization work’ (2006) touches various aspects of globalization that is destroying the developing countries and their aspirations to provide a decent living to their citizens. He talks about egotistic intellectual property laws, the unfair trade mechanisms and many more critical points to complete success of globalization. Mr Friedman appreciates the existence of global poverty but fails to explain its structural and geopolitical causes.