Poem Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night :: Dyland Thomas

In the poem "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night," written by Dylan Thomas, emphasizes resistance towards death as he repeats this exhortation in the last line in every stanza. Imagery is used by Thomas to create the theme of his poem and what it means. Although readers are unaware of the details behind the on coming death of Thomas father, the motives of the author for writing this poem are very obvious. Thomas intends to pursuit his father to resist against death and for him to fight for life. Through "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night," Thomas conveys resistance towards death with images of fury and fighting to symbolize the great anger and rage Thomas feels towards the thought of loosing his dying father, though upon first reading then seem banal. Initially, Thomas uses images of fury and fighting in the lines "do not go gentle", "good night" and "dying of the light" to emphasize the resistance towards death. With these images, Thomas conveys death as the end and where darkness prevails. He takes his stand within concrete, particular existence. He places birth and death at the poles of his vision. Excessive images of anger and rage towards death exemplify the passion Thomas feels for life. Secondly, Thomas brings into action images of "burn" and "rave at close of day" to show and emphasize the resistance towards death. Contrasting images of light and darkness in the poem create warmth of living and the coldness of death, so as to discourage people from choosing the dreary, bitter frigidity of death. In addition, Thomas uses images of " wise men" and " grave men [who] have not used their blinding sight" to tell his dying father that all men smart or ignorant, need to resistance towards death.

Harnischfeger Corp Essay

I. Introduction In 1984 Harnischfeger Corporation was a leading producer of construction equipment. During the decade of the 1970s the company experienced tremendous growth. Annual sales grew from $150 million in 1970 to $646 million in 1981. However the company began to experience financial trouble in 1979. This was caused by a variety of factors: the company wasted a large amount of resources on an unsuccessful merger, the government of Iran defaulted on a $20 million order of equipment after the fall of the Shah, and the U.S. economy was in a period of recession with double digit rates of inflation. The company posted an operating loss in 1979 for the first time since 1938. The company’s financial difficulties continued until 1984. At this time management decided that restructuring was necessary if the company wanted to survive. (Harnischfeger, 1985) II. Restructuring Strategy The overriding objective of restructuring the company was to return to sustained profitability. The goals of the plan were four-fold: managerial/personnel changes, production cost reduction, change in overall business focus (e.g. in foreign joint ventures, and high technology areas), and a restructuring of debt (Palepu, 2000). The new executive position of Chief Operating Officer was created. Two new members of the executive team were hired in order to help push the company in a new strategic direction. As a result, engineering, manufacturing, and marketing divisions underwent significant changes in order to cut costs and reorient the company’s product offerings toward more profitable markets. (Palepu, 2000). The company started to focus its business on more overseas markets, where demand for mining and construction equipment remained strong. A relationship was established with Kobe Steel, Ltd., in which Harnischfeger agreed to source all of its construction cranes for sale in the US through the Japanese company. In addition, a contract to sell $60 million worth of mining shovels was entered into with the People’s Republic of China (Harnischfeger, 1985). Lastly, the company restructured its debt into three-year loans that required the company to maintain certain levels of cash, receivables, and net worth (Palepu, 2000). Accounting Strategy The new management at Harnischfeger implemented aggressive changes in accounting policy in an effort to make the company appear more profitable. The major areas in which accounting policy was substantially effected were in: changes in depreciation methods on assets, the use of LIFO liquidation in inventory valuation, the restructuring of the employees’ pension plan, a change in the way some types of sales were recognized, and a change in the fiscal year for foreign subsidiaries. (Palepu, 2000). In addition, management significantly altered the percentage of sales allocated to allowance for bad debt. Analysis shows that management exercised a great deal of flexibility allowed under GAAP in order to raise net income for 1985. Motivation for Accounting Strategy The new management has two long-term goals in mind. First, to increase the company’s presence in high-tech areas such as aerospace and pharmaceuticals and second, to make the company more global. These goals seem to require the company to pursue an aggressive earnings management strategy. In the short term the company needs joint ventures to survive. These joint ventures will provide Harnischfeger access to many new foreign markets and could be a potential source for cheaper labor. Effective earnings management could convince partners like Kobe Steel to be more receptive to investment in Harnischfeger. In addition the company needs cash to be able to participate in joint ventures that may require cross investment to build factories, hire foreign employees etc. Cash is also needed to invest in high tech industries which usually require large capital outlays in research and development. Management had strong motivation to show a profit in 1984. First, the company was preparing for its 100th anniversary celebration, and therefore needed a quick turnaround. As trivial as it sounds, this consideration probably sped up the timetable to recovery via aggressive accounting policy. Second, and more tangible, the restructuring plan included a provision which would award top executives an additional 40% of their base salary if the company achieved its financial goals for the year. Amazingly, management could receive another 40% of salary if the company outperformed those goals! III. Accounting Changes Effect of change in Sales Calculation Effective November 1, 1983, Harnischfeger incorporated products purchased from Kobe Steel, Limited and then re-sold by the company, into its net sales. During previous accounting periods, only the gross margin on these products was recognized as sales. As a result, both aggregate sales and cost of sales increased by $28 million. This accounting change did not have material impact on the overall net operating income as stated in the financial statement, however, it did have an influence on the quality of earnings, which is reflected by profit margin. Profit margin dropped to 1.44% from 1.55%, reflecting a 7.1% change in profit margin, after such a change was in place. The management claimed that this change â€Å"reflected more effectively the nature of the Corporation’s transaction with Kobe,† (Palepu, 2000, p.3-39) and we agree with the management’s view for two major reasons. First, Harnischfeger was operating in a macro business environment in which the company had to significantly reduce cost to survive. Outsourcing, an effective way of transferring production cost to more effective producers, could make the Harnischfeger focus on its core strength in product development capability and high brand power penetration. Second, Harnischfeger did phase out its own manufacture of construction cranes in Michigan and enter into a long-term agreement, under which Kobe would supply construction cranes. Also, effective November 1, 1983, Harnischfeger adjusted some subsidiaries’ ending period to September 30 instead of the previous ending July 31. This had the effect of lengthening the 1984 reporting period for these companies from 12 months, to 14 months, and increased sales by $5.4 million. Assuming these companies had the same profit margin as the parent, the change increased cost of sales by $4.3 million. We agree that the influence on net income is immaterial and that this change reflects more effectively the subsidiary’s business operation. But it does represent a one-time event which should be corrected for during analysis of the company’s potential for future profitability. Effect of Changes in Depreciation Method In 1984, Harnischfeger changed its depreciation policy for financial reporting purposes to a straight-line method from a principally accelerated method. A net income of $11 million was realized for 1984 when the straight-line method was applied retroactively to all assets depreciated under the accelerated method. The management viewed this as an approach to match the company’s standard with that of industry peers. We agree with the management in a way that this approach provides comparable standard. However, the timing of this action is questionable. This approach artificially improved the company’s financial strength in the short run and helped Harnischfeger negotiate its debt restructuring process with bankers. In the long run, however, the straight-line method will reduce profit in the years to come. Also, it was too aggressive to realize this income just in a one-year period, which reflected the incentive for management to achieve profit. In addition, Harnischfeger extended its estimated depreciation lives on certain US plants, machinery and equipment, and increased residual value on certain machinery and equipment. These changes resulted in an increase of $3.2 million in net income in 1984. Again, this reflected incentive for profit realization. The then-current high interest rate environment was supportive for residual value upward-adjustment, however, there were great risks involved. First, interest rate was on a down-trend after it peaked in 1982. Second, the liquidity of Harnischfeger machinery, for heavy-machinery manufacture, was low. Also, extension of depreciation lives would increase the maintenance costs and reduce profit in the years to come. Therefore, we suggest that Harnischfeger’s depreciation policies be closely watched when the economic environment changes Effect of LIFO Inventory Liquidation Harnischfeger reduced its inventory level in 1984, 1983 and 1982, resulting in a liquidation of LIFO inventory. This liquidation process led to gains when inventory, acquired at a lower cost in the earlier years, were sold at a higher price, resulting from higher inflation. Net income in 1984 increased by $2.4 million (in the form of gains), and liquidity was improved on the balance sheet. We view this as a sound business decision when the management can reduce operating cost by decreasing inventory level. Effect of Changes in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Harnischfeger, for some reasons, adjusted its allowance for doubtful accounts to 6.7% of sales for 1984 from 10% of sales in 1983, resulting in $2.9 million in operating income for 1984. The company might try to increase sales by aggressively extending credit to doubtful customers, risking losing all of relevant sales. This is very skeptical as Harnischfeger gives no explanation. Effect of Changes in R&D Expenses Harnischfeger significantly cut its research and development expenses to $5.1 million in 1984, from $12.1 million in 1983 and $14.1 million in 1982. In 1984, operating profit was pumped up by $9.1 million when Harnischfeger didn’t follow the same level of R&D activities in 1983, reflected in the percentage of R&D as of sales. This is controversial to management’s strategy of focusing on the high technology part of its business and will damage its strength in the future. We conclude, therefore, that the management managed to increase profit by reducing R&D expenses on purpose. Effect of Changes in Pension Plan The company states, in the footnotes of its 1984 financials, that its salaried employee pension plan was well over-funded. The policy of Harnischfeger was to â€Å"fund at a minimum the amount required under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.† (Palepu, 2000, p.3-38) This probably meant, in light of recent financial difficulties, that the company intended to fund at the minimum. Over-funding most likely came about as a result of the company reducing its workforce by about 45% in 1983. Harnischfeger terminated its Salaried Employee Retirement Plan in 1984, and created a new plan. This new plan included in increased minimum pension benefit, which probably served to make the pension restructuring more appetizing to employees. Cash resulting from the liquidation of the original plan was divided into two groups: $36.7 million went toward purchasing individual annuities in order to cover the obligations of the original plan, and $39.3 million went into an account called â€Å"Accrued Pension Costs†¦[to be] amortized to income over a ten-year period†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Palepu, 2000, p.3.42) This pension plan change has three significant effects on the financial statements. First, pension expense was reduced in 1984 by $4 million. Second, net income increased by $3.9 million. Third, and most importantly, the company was able to show a positive cash flow for the year. Without this one-time injection, cash flow would have been ($7.6 million). Bottom Line: Financial Performance, Net of Accounting Changes The purpose of our analysis is to arrive at an estimated net income based only on the company’s core operations. That is, to determine its financial health without the distraction of one-time events and earnings management. The first step is arrive at a revised sales figure. The next step is to construct a table summarizing our estimation of Harnischfeger’s net income, net of the effects of all the accounting policy changes: Note that our analysis has tax-affected the result of changes in the fiscal year of subsidiaries, and the annual amortization amount for pension fund gains. Critique of Accounting Changes Our issue is not with the fact that Harnischfeger management now has an aggressive accounting strategy and is engaged in earnings management. Indeed, it seems perfectly reasonable to bring all subsidiaries under one fiscal year timetable. This will result in administrative efficiency. Also, the change in recognition of costs and revenues of Kobe Steel equipment is logical. Next, the company claims that all changes in depreciation policy are made to conform with other manufacturers in the industry. Further, the pension plan restructuring was authorized by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, and we have no other sources of information which cast the move in doubt. It seems logical that cutting the number of employees by 50% should cause a similar change in pension plan funding. In short, these accounting changes may be largely justifiable even though they represent aggressive earnings management. We do take issue with the fact that all of these accounting changes occurred in one year. That is, it seems suspicious that financial stability is neatly restored just in time for the 100th anniversary of the company, when executives stand to make an additional 80% of their salaries if goals are surpassed. As further proof of the validity of this concern, we see a contradiction between the decrease in R&D spending, and the company’s new strategy to explore different high technology product lines and services. Further, extension of depreciation lives for plant and equipment seems like a shameless way to increase net income. Finally, a dramatic decrease in the percentage allowance for doubtful accounts is difficult to justify, especially in a period of rising receivables. In conclusion, it seems that the company is taking a huge risk by betting that this one-time boost in income and cash will allow the company to successfully expand internationally and grow in new high tech areas and become profitable once again. IV. Financial Outlook Rather than a full recovery, it seems 1984 performance may be simply an aberration. Management cannot hide the effects of operations inefficiencies and uncooperative markets for long. We are encouraged by the fact that our estimated net $.41 loss per share far outshines the 1983 loss of $3.49. But we expect to see a negative cash flow in 1985, brought on by the absence of the one-time pension plan change. Contributing to this is a high balance in accounts receivable, which rose by 37.5% from 1983 to 1984. And at the onset of a decreasing interest rate environment, we expect the company to be burdened with high interest expense well into the future. Note, too, that the aggregate effect of the changes in depreciation policy will mean higher depreciation costs in future years. This, coupled with higher maintenance costs as equipment ages, will mean significantly higher operating costs. Finally, we expect the company to show a loss for 1985.

Oscar Micheaux

In auteur theory, a term originated by film critic Andrew Sarris in his essay, â€Å"Notes on the Auteur Theory†16, there is a desire to outline the personal vision of the director. This is said to be the key instrument to understanding filmmaking. In addition, he writes the question is how does a director express personal vision? The concern is how this theory is used to examine the initial â€Å"obsessions† and â€Å"thematic preoccupations† of the director versus the original creator or author. This essentially becomes a study or attempt to outline the director's desire and/or personal statement. The purpose of the auteur theory is then to analyze films if not to understand the characteristics that identify the director as auteur. In the study of film criticism, during the 1950s, the basis behind â€Å"auteur theory† studies how a director's film reflects the director's personal and creative vision, as if the director was the original creator or author. Francois Truffaut, the famous French film director and critic, maintains that a good director (including the bad ones), exhibits such a distinctive style if not promotes a consistent theme that his or her influence is unmistakable in the body of his or her work. Like Truffaut, Andrew Sarris believed through analyzing film, an ‘auteurist† becomes appreciative of directors whose works detail a marked visual style as well as those whose visual style was less noticeable but whose movies reflected a consistent theme. As a result of this influence by critics like Truffaut, the auteur theory and â€Å"auteurism† have become a very crucial and influential aspect of film criticism since 1954. African American Film Producer-Director Oscar Micheaux is an often overlooked auteur in contemporary film criticism. He created films depicting black life from 1908 to 1950, on what he felt were realistic terms, while also providing entertainment for the black movie going audience during that time. His films, unlike previous depictions, contained a range of types and attempted to show that blacks were often just as rich, educated, sophisticated and cultured as whites. 1 His films embodied who he was as a black man during hostile racial prejudice in America. Because of this particular style and the meaning behind his films, Micheaux has been criticized primarily for presenting a class system based on color in his ovies. A possible sacrifice he was forced to make after his films depended on white financing after the Great Depression. 3 As Sarris noted, the classification of an â€Å"auteur†, is that a director must accomplish technical competence in their technique, personal style in terms of how the movie looks and â€Å"feels†, and interior meaning. In order to classify Oscar Micheaux as an auteur, these three premises as Sarris defines them, will evidence Micheaux’s work as an auteur based upon the process he utilized to create these films, their negative and positive reception by audiences and critics. In addition, the further study of how African American Cinema has been received and contributed to understanding black cultural traditions will evidence the basis and criteria behind his work. Micheaux’s films, were unmistakable allegories of his own life, just as movies by Charlie Chaplin, D. W. Griffith, Orson Welles and other notable directors at that time, depicted their vision of America. 15 In order to understand and better examine the works of Micheaux, it is important compare the reception of two of his best received films. Based upon a story he had written, the film â€Å"Homesteader† was chronicled by the Chicago Defender to define the â€Å"new negro† whereas the critiques by both white and black audiences differed about his film â€Å"Within Our Gates†, which was his response to D. W. Griffith’s â€Å"Birth of a Nation. Oscar Micheaux’s body of work along with other films of the â€Å"race movie† film genre, often called race films, existed in the United States approximately from 1915 to 1950. These films primarily consisted of movies produced for an all black audience, featuring black casts. These films were often low-budget and technically inadequate, due to very little or no backing from any of the major Hollywood Studios. Like other independent black filmmakers of the time, his work and films were considered â€Å"rough†. 1/11 Financial limitations, typically impacted his style and work. 13 Micheaux wanted his brand of films to contrast and differ from earlier depictions of blacks as portrayed in minstrel shows, subservient, â€Å"happy-go-lucky† or as savages. By utilizing what author Gladstone Yearwood defined as an â€Å"afrocentric† model, understanding the body of work created by Oscar Micheaux, will evidence his pioneering endeavours to create and develop the aesthetic of African American thought that reflected cultural priorities that delineated from the dominant society. 17 Additional references from articles, journals and critiques of his work will be used to examine the strategies and techniques he invented and adapted to use motion pictures as a means to create his films. For his black audiences, Micheaux believed in emphasizing black themes. The themes he often focused on included blacks passing for white, intermarriage, injustice of the courts against blacks, and even the sensitive subjects of lynching and the Ku Klux Klan. 3 Micheaux used his movies to deliver a message. Because of this, Micheaux’s films were often controversial and censored. While they were shown nationally, his movies were either screened at special matinee’s or midnight viewings, when and where blacks could attend. The third and â€Å"ultimate† premise of the auteur theory by Sarris pertained to and concerns with the interior meaning. Sarris defined interior meaning as an extrapolation from the tension between a director’s personality and his material. 6 Ossie Davis, an African American film actor, stated, â€Å"There were black people behind the scenes, telling our black story to us as we sat in black theaters. We listened blackly, and a beautiful t hing happened to us as we saw ourselves on the screen. We knew that sometimes it was awkward, that sometimes the films behaved differently than the ones we saw in the white theater. It didn't matter. It was ours, and even the mistakes were ours, the fools were ours, the villains were ours, the people who won were ours, and the losers were ours. We were comforted by that knowledge as we sat, knowing that there was something about us up there on that screen, controlled by us, created by us – our own image, as we saw ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 6 Micheaux produced seven novels and approximately forty films, all for black audiences from 1913 to 1948. The influence of Oscar Micheaux’s earlier film career is evidenced by his intent to present positive images of African American life that no other filmmaker was showing at that time. Often considered technologically inferior, Micheaux’s use of editing and film techniques helped him to depict and present some of the most controversial issues of that era. Micheaux had to overcome his own objections, and then proceeded to use film as a means to communicate his ideas, and to do what had not been done before him. That was to portray blacks with dignity and respect.

Moral Self-Knowledge in Kantian Ethics Essay

In the article titled, Moral Self-knowledge in Kantian Ethics, Emer O’Hagan discusses Kant’s views and ideas concerning self-knowledge and the role it plays in duty and virtuous action. O’Hagan first introduces a key feature of Kant’s ethical theory which is its recognition of the psychological complexity of human beings. O’Hagan uses this recognition of psychological complexity by Kant to dive into Kant’s feeling on self-knowledge. Once a basic understanding of Kant’s attitude towards self-knowledge has been established, O’Hagan then uses Kant’s ethical theory to show how self-knowledge can be used as a means to help determine the goodness of an action. The arguments presented by O’Hagan are logical and clearly supported and verified through the presented evidence. Kant is shown to have recognized the psychological complexity of the human being in recognizing that, â€Å"judgments concerning the rightness of actions are vulnerable to corruption from self-interested inclination† (O’Hagan 525-537). Kant is saying that that even though an action may start out as from duty, our internal feelings as human beings can create a beneficial end as a means for the action, thus rendering it not from duty. Kant also recognizes that our own judgments about us may not be accurate. Moral self-development is a practice to develop accuracy for our self-judgments and takes into consideration one’s motives for action. O’Hagan tells us that this moral practice requires moral self-knowledge which is a form of self-awareness disciplined by respect for autonomy, the theoretical foundation of Kantian ethics. According to Kant, the first command of the duties to oneself as a moral being is self-knowledge. This is the ability to know yourself in terms of whether your heart is for good or evil and whether your actions are pure or impure. Kant describes duties of virtue to be wide duties, in that there is not a clear standard for how one should go about performing action for an end that is also a duty. O’Hagan tells us that Kant’s duty of moral self-knowledge is the duty to know one’s own heart. Kant tells us that moral self-knowledge is quite difficult because it involves abstracting, or taking a non-biased analysis of one’s self. Because we are bound to our own feelings and inclinations, we cannot completely separate ourselves from our own bias. The power of self-knowledge is the power to see things in objectivity instead of subjectivity. The final step of the argument is relating self-knowledge to determining the goodness of an action. O’Hagan tells us that developing self-knowledge will develop one’s self-understanding and will develop guards against self-deception. Using these skills to truly understand one’s heart allows for one to know one’s motives, and thus practical stance in action. According to Kant, the goodness of an action is determined by one’s motives, so the goodness of one’s action can now be evaluated. O’Hagan clearly demonstrates the importance of self-knowledge in Kant’s theory of ethics and validates its importance by describing application for use of the practice of self-knowledge (O’Hagan 525-537).

The Role of Tourism in Mexico Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The Role of Tourism in Mexico - Term Paper Example In a candid statement, Ruiz states that the industry can additionally add a point to its current standing a factor likely to place it as the second biggest revenue contributor in Mexico. In the last year, the industry minted 12.7 billion dollars in foreign exchange. This is according to JP Morgan and Company report. As things stand now, the industry trails the oil and manufacturing industry. The Latin’s America second best performing economy registered a record of twenty four million visits in the past year (Mente 23-25). This statistic is 2.6 percent increase in comparison to the number of visits registered in the past one year. Reports from the World Tourism Organization indicate that the worldwide visits of tourists have just clocked the 1 billion mark. An increase of 4.1% has been registered in what is commonly referred to as international visits abroad. Similarly, arrivals to the advanced economies rose by 3.6% as the World Tourism report indicate. The role of tourism in the Mexican economy reaches far and wide. It boosts investment levels, creates jobs, and increases potential earnings. Reports additionally indicate that it creates one employment opportunity out of every eleven. The benefits of the industry are far reaching to the Mexican economy because it not only provides employment opportunities but also spurs the development of the surrounding region. The industry in the same line disseminates vital information relating to the nation’s natural and cultural attraction. The advantage emanates from the various options that the country offers to its visitors. The most notable include the pre Columbian civilization heritage and the inclusion of archeological sites as vital symbols of the countries identity. On top of these, the country is endowed with various beaches and an integration of millenary traditions within its major cities. Historical elements

Equal Opportunity and the Law in the United States Research Paper

Equal Opportunity and the Law in the United States - Research Paper Example There are numerous research papers, books, journal articles and many other web sources which provide a detailed account of history of law making related to equal opportunity in United States and its prevailing practices along with application. In order to examine the general treatment of equal employment opportunity, it is important to evaluate the prevailing law in United States. According to details provided by department of labor (2012), no discrimination in the pursuit of providing and employment and financial assistance, must be exercised on the basis of age, disability, gender, immigrants and veterans. However, as far as veterans are concerned, it is important for the employers to ensure the validity of the working permits and residential visas. Where the details given on this website are reflective of United States’ policy about equal opportunity, its reliability an authenticity is evident by the source itself. The website is owned and managed by US department of labor (DOL) and only reflects the policy of US federal government towards employment laws. The relevant clauses referred on this website are related to Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 (VEVRAA), The Age Discrimination Act of 1975, Section 188 of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Executive Order 11246. Instead of stating complete acts and bills, the website only refers to the related areas entailing anti-discriminatory policy related to implement and education. Another source which provides details of equal opportunity laws is the website of Equal Opportunity Commission appointed by United States government. The commission is responsible to ensure that there are necessary legal procedures in place in order to enforce equal opportunity as a legal requirement. The commission has presented guidelines which cover financial assistance, employment and education (EEOC, 2009). Through these guidelines, the US gov ernment has provided a clear structure to private employers, state and local governments, educational institutions, employment agencies and labor unions which provide details of relevant acts and bills, refraining from any kind of discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race, religion, disability, marital status and gender (EEOC, 2009). Another important addition in EEOC guidelines is Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 prohibits employers from requiring any kind of genetic information from the applicants, employees and their relatives. This clause is to ensure that personal independence and privacy of any individual is not exploited. The content mentioned in this web source is reliable as it is extracted from the website of Equal Opportunity Commission which is a body representing government. Also, the content is elaborated with the help of prevailing legislation, therefore its authenticity cannot b doubted. In order to understand how equal opportuni ty became part of US law and an integral component of human resource management, the book written by Frank Dobbin (2011), named as ‘Inventing Equal Opportunity’ is one of the most preferred books. The book provides details as to how the equal opportunity regime was developed, adopted and accepted. According to Dobbin (2011), Equal opportunity law is an offshoot of Civil Rights 1964. Dobbin further asserts that it is

Organizational behaviors and leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Organizational behaviors and leadership - Essay Example Advance scenarios played reflection 20 5.2 Appendix II leader self-sight reflection 22 1.0ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS AND LEADERSHIP 1.1Introduction Ability to not only influence but also inspire others to endeavor the leader towards leaders’ goal is referred to us leadership. On the contrary, it is argued that leadership is a process of an individual influencing others to attain a certain goal. Further, it is important to realize that leadership can be those qualities that viewers see but on the other hand, cannot describe. Leadership is manifested in the following ways, when there is a crisis and someone comes in to solve, or when someone influences others, or when some people tent to follows others. To crown it all, leadership usually comes in a visible state when there is someone who responds to something innovatively. Four main theories for generations erupt as follows: there are traits theories, contingency theories, behavioral theories and lastly transformational theories just to mention but a few. According to the article written by John Mark, it is evident that all of the four theories outlined above none of them is neither time bound nor mutually exclusive. However, according to experts, it is true that each of the generation above, it has to some extent benefit to the leadership debate although still debate continues up to date. There are different titles that are used to describe the division of modern management. Therefore, leadership can be discussed under the following categories, for instance charismatic leadership in the current ongoing debate on leadership that replaces transformational leadership. Secondly, there is an approach based on skills, self-management, and leadership that involves sharing just to mention but a few. Due to the above, it is pertinent to approach the above phenomena with the model of leadership that is classical. The following are some of the pertinent traits that a leader should have. It is, a leader should have a need for achievement, resolution, and courage, capacity to motivate individuals and should have trustworthiness character just to mention but a few. The above figure shows the New Reality of Leadership 1.2VIRTUE LEADERSHIP PRACTICE AND THEORY 1.2.1Origins of Leadership Theory According to the great man theory, it is evident that there are those people who are born naturally as a leader. The article goes further to site people like Alexander the great and Caesar Julius. In addition, people like Mahatma and bush George are related in the theory of Heroic conception of leadership (1880) as being leaders by natural phenomena. This is due to their high level of clear vision and ambitions to their destinations. The above is because they have a unique set of personal qualities, which propelled